Wei
Jingsheng Foundation News and Article Release Issue: A542-W316
魏京生基金会新闻与文章发布号： A542-W316
Release
Date: May 1, 2010
发布日：2010年5月1日
Topic:
The Way Out for China (Part VIII) -- Wei Jingsheng
标题： 《中国的出路》之八 -- 魏京生
Original
Language Version: Chinese (Chinese version at the end)
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The
Way Out for China, Part VIII
--
Wei Jingsheng
In
the previous a few sections, I was talking about several key points of a
democratic revolution. Using the
American Revolution as an example, the popularization of the ideology of
freedom, human rights and democracy, is the most essential condition.
Popularization
does not necessarily mean that every average person is able to pontificate
about democratic theory. Democracy
has been carried out in America for more than 200 years; it could be considered
as a matured democratic system.
Yet, if you ask an average person, they could still say they do not know
that very well and you should go ask the politicians and scholars. Even many politicians and scholars
themselves are muddled. They even
praise Adolf Hitler and Mao Zedong, flatter Deng XiaoPing, and admire the high
efficiency of the Communist countries.
Popularization
is to say that the majority of people think that democracy is better than
various forms of autocracy; that freedom and human rights are better than
various forms of enslavement; that the people think that they need
democracy. This is the
popularization of the ideology.
All trades of people have their own professions or businesses, so they
may not have that much time and energy to consider politics. Often, they would be more likely to
trust those people nearby who are better at pondering, or the so called the
leaders of these masses. The ideas
of the leaders are the dominant ideology of the society.
For
a long time now, there has been an issue bothering the leaders in China. Ever since the nineteenth century,
there were already the beginnings of the idea of freedom, human rights and
democracy. By the last century, it
was already popularized. Why on
the surface, though the ideology obviously leaned to democracy, did the so-called
democracy in China turn out to be untrue?
We have already seen the conclusion from our previous discussion that it
was that the Communist Party chose the wrong road. Yet, why did people choose the wrong road of the Communist
Party? We have to find the
answer from the ideology.
What
was the ideology at the beginning of the century in China? It was for a complete
Westernization. The royal court
was defeated by the Westerners, so the Westerners become the objects of both
hate and worship. With the
preaching of some students who had studied overseas yet only gained half of
understanding, the Westerners became godlike objects who are within sight yet
beyond reach. After deifying the
West, everything from China became junk to throw away. Since everything the West had was good,
naturally we have to learn the best within it. Most of the intellectuals who controlled the ideology those
days were leaning to Communism.
In
the American democracy example, the ideology was really based on the English style
of self-government in the villages and towns. Since ancient times in China, there also has been a long
tradition of self-governing of the villages. However, in the minds and hearts of the intellectual youths
those days, that ancient tradition did not meet so and so conditions in the
West and thus did not count as local self-governing. They wanted the "most advanced" local
self-governing: the people's commune.
From
the nineteenth century to the first half of the twentieth century, after
several decades, various efforts to build democracy on the basis of local
self-governing have all failed.
The young intellectuals overthrew all the democratic efforts and called
it "down with all the old influence". What did they want?
They wanted the household registration style of Japan, and the People's
Commune of the former Soviet Union.
That
household registration system has made the freemen of the last two thousand
years in China become half serf.
The People's Communes deprived the property of the farmers and made the
free farmers to be true serfs. The
social status of the half serfs in the cities was higher than that of the real
serfs in the countryside, with relatively better living conditions. The history of the Chinese peasants
striving for city registration is full of blood and tears. It was not less than the serfs who
fought for their own identity liberation.
The
Chinese people who used to be freemen naturally resisted being serfs. Places with the most suppression
naturally gave the strongest resistance.
This is an important reason why the Chinese Communist Party was
consistently resisted by the Chinese farmers since the Communists took over the
government. Finally, at the end of
1970's when the Communist Party was at its weakest, the farmers recaptured half
of the land ownership. This is
also why, from the 1980's and 1990's until this century, regardless of how the
Communist Party tried to reform, it would hold tight the ownership of the land. To completely give up the land
ownership was to give up the magic weapon for the grassroots of the Communist
Party to control these farmers.
The
Western academic circle considers China as a society of a commodity economy
with the longest history. While
the West was building its own market economy, they have learned a lot from
ancient China. Yet, to expound the
Communism, the intellectual youths forcefully framed China to be an old feudal
state. Since we did not have a
market economy and everything must start new, why don't we choose the even more
advanced planned economy? During
that period, even the Westerners themselves were not sure if the planned
economy was less than the market economy.
From the theory, the planned economy seemed pretty good and fit the
logic of Euclidean Geometry.
After
the failed experiment, these already aged intellectuals pretended to want to
learn from the so-called Western market economy without realizing the Chinese
people with their historic tradition of the commodity economy could learn much
faster than they could. The
Chinese businesspeople who resumed in their youth, definitely do not look like
the third world which is just starting to learn.
From
this simple analysis, we can see the major reason why China has failed in its
striving for democracy in the past century. The blunder of action is due to the blunder of guiding
thought; the blunder in observation resulted in the blunder in conclusion. The abnormal mentality of a defeated
country is the main reason for the blunder in observation. Eager for quick success and instant
benefit, as well as the inferior social mentality, had resulted the blunder in
conclusion. According to these
wrongful conclusions, the wrongful ideology was chosen. The Communist tyranny in China is built
on such a base.
In
the past 30 years, the ideology and theory circle in China has been slowly
walking out of this long-standing mistaken concept. Yet, the average folks are walking away faster than these
aged intellectuals. That is
because the benefits the old intellectuals received as the combined elites of
"the three representatives" have blocked up their brains.
To
hear Mr. Wei Jingsheng's commentary, please visit:
http://www.weijingsheng.org/RFA/RFA2010/WeiJS100422ChinaWayOut8.mp3
(Written
and recorded on April 22, 2010.
Broadcasted by Radio Free Asia.)
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中文版
Wei
Jingsheng Foundation News and Article Release Issue: A542-W316
魏京生基金会新闻与文章发布号： A542-W316
Release
Date: May 1, 2010
发布日：2010年5月1日
Topic:
The Way Out for China (Part VIII) -- Wei Jingsheng
标题： 《中国的出路》之八 -- 魏京生
Original
Language Version: Chinese (Chinese version at the end)
此号以中文为准（英文在前，中文在后）
如有中文乱码问题，请与我们联系或访问:
http://www.weijingsheng.org/report/report2010/report2010-05/WeiJS100501ChinaWayOut8A542-W316.htm
-----------------------------------------------------------------
《中国的出路》之八
-- 魏京生
前面几节我谈到了民主革命的一些要点。以美国革命为典型，自由、人权和民主的意识形态的普及，是最基本的条件。
所谓普及，并不是要每一个老百姓都可以高谈阔论一番民主的理论。美国实行民主已经二百多年了，可以说是成熟的民主体制了。但你问普通老百姓，他们仍然会说不懂，让你去问政治家和学者。甚至很多政治家和学者自己也糊里糊涂，还在那儿歌颂希特勒和毛泽东，吹捧邓小平，羡慕共产党国家的高效率。
所谓普及，是指的大多数人民认为民主好于各种形式的专制；自由、人权好于各种形式的奴役。人民觉得需要民主了，这就是意识形态的普及。老百姓各行各业都有自己的专业或者生意，不一定有那么多时间和精力思考政治。他们通常会比较信任身边一些善于思考的人，也就是通常所说的群众领袖。这些人的思考，就是社会的意识形态。
长期以来有这样一个问题折磨着中国的群众领袖。自由、人权、民主的思想早在十九世纪就开始启蒙，上世纪初就已经普及了。为什么意识形态已经明显倾向于民主，可是民主却总是变了味儿呢？前面我们已经看到了结论，是共产党选错了道路。可是问题又来了：大家为什么会选了共产党这条错误的道路呢？这还要从意识形态里边找。
上世纪初是什么意识形态呢？是全盘西化。朝廷被洋人打败了，洋人就成了仇视和崇拜的对象。再加上一些半懂不懂的留学生的鼓吹，洋人成了神仙一样的、可望而不可及的对象。洋人的一切被神化了后，中国的一切都成了要不得的垃圾。既然洋人的一切都是好的，自然要学好的里边最先进的。掌握意识形态的知识分子们，大多倾向了共产主义。
美国的民主，是建立在英国式的乡村和地方自治的基础上。而中国自古以来就有着悠久的乡村自治的传统。但在那些知识青年们的心目中，这不符合西方的什么什么条件，因此不算地方自治。他们一定要建设最先进的地方自治，人民公社。
从十九世纪到上个世纪的前半期，几十年的折腾之后，各种在地方自治的基础上建立民主的努力都失败了。知识青年们打倒了所有民主的努力，并且称之为打倒一切旧势力。他们要什么呢？要的是日本式的户籍制度和苏俄式的人民公社。
户籍制度使得中国两千年来的自由民变成了半农奴。人民公社剥夺了农民的财产，使得自由农民变成了真正的农奴。城市里的半农奴社会地位高于农村里的纯农奴；生活条件也略好一些。农民争取城市户口的血泪史，不亚于农奴争取解放身份的奋斗。
早已习惯于自由民身份的人民自然要反抗，压迫最重的地方反抗自然最强烈。这就是中共建国后不断遭到农民反抗的重要原因。农民们终于在中共最脆弱的七十年代末，夺回了一半土地权。这也是为什么八十、九十年代直到本世纪，中共无论怎样改革，仍然死守着土地所有权不放的原因。放弃了土地权，就放弃了中共基层组织控制农民的法宝。
西方学术界认为中国是历史最悠久的商品经济社会。西方在建设自己的市场经济过程中，大量学习了中国古人的经验。可是知识青年们为了论证共产主义，硬给中国栽赃了一个封建社会的名义。既然没有市场经济，要从头选择，为什么不选更先进的计划经济呢？在那个时代，西方人自己也不敢肯定计划经济不如市场经济。至少从理论上看还蛮不错的，符合欧几里德几何学的逻辑。
在实验失败后，知识老年们还假模假式地说什么学习西方市场经济。殊不知，有着悠久商品经济传统的老百姓，要比知识老年们学得快得多。恢复了青春的中国商人，根本就不像刚开始学习的第三世界。
从以上简要的分析，可以看出一百年来中国争取民主失败的主要原因在哪了。行动的错误来源于指导思想的错误；错误的观察导致了错误的结论。战败国不正常的心态，是观察错误的主要原因。急功近利和自卑的社会心理状态，造成了错误的结论。根据这些错误的结论，选择了错误的意识形态。共产主义暴政就建立在这样的基础之上。
三十年来，中国的思想理论界正在慢慢的走出这个误区。而老百姓走出误区的速度，显然比知识老年们快得多。这是因为三种精英相结合的利益，堵塞了他们的大脑。
聆听魏京生先生的相关录音，请访问：
http://www.weijingsheng.org/RFA/RFA2010/WeiJS100422ChinaWayOut8.mp3
（撰写并录音于2010年4月22日。自由亚洲电台播出。）
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