Overseas
Chinese Democracy Coalition News and Article Release Issue Number: A832-O236
中国民主运动海外联席会议新闻与文章发布号：A832-O236
Release
Date: July 20, 2014
发布日：2014年7月20日
Topic:
People Have the Right to Protest Against Tyranny - OCDC Commemoration of the
70th Anniversary of the Assassination Attempt of Adolf Hitler During the Nazi
Period in Germany
标题：人民有抗议暴政的权利 -- 纪念德国纳粹时期刺杀希特勒案70周年
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People
Have the Right to Protest Against Tyranny
--
Commemoration of the 70th Anniversary of the Assassination Attempt of Adolf
Hitler During the Nazi Period in Germany
July
20, 2014
Force
has two aspects. Although violence
by itself is evil, using force against evil to promote goodness is often
justified. Using force to end a
tyranny that is even more catastrophic, to protect the population from physical
violation and economic exploitation by the tyranny is the right and obligation
of every citizen who has a conscience.
Today,
July 20, 2014, is the 70th anniversary of Operation Valkyrie (German: Operation
Walküre), the biggest plot in attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler during the
Nazi period in Germany. That
attempt happened during Hitler's highest military conference in Wolf's Lair
(German: Wolfsschanze), Adolf Hitler's first Eastern Front military
headquarters in World War II.
Lieutenant Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg placed a time bomb
under that table. As a result of
the detonation, four people were killed, nine people injured, and 11 people
were slightly injured. The main target of the assassination, Hitler himself,
was only slightly injured. His
trousers were singed and tattered, his legs suffered 200 wood splinters, and an
eardrum was perforated. After the
assassination attempt failed, the Gestapo was out in full force. At least 7,000 people accused of direct
and indirect participation were arrested by the Gestapo, of which 4,980 were
executed.
During
the 12 years of the Nazi reign, the resistance movement against the Nazis
continued with actions one after another and never stopped in Germany. From the "White Rose" in
Munich, to the "Red Orchestra" in Berlin, the "Edelweiss
Pirates" in multi-cities, up to almost 20 assassination attempts of Adolf
Hitler were perpetrated. Because
of their resistance to the Nazis, the special courts, military courts and civil
courts executed nearly 77,000 German citizens. Further, there were tens of thousands, even hundreds of
thousands of German citizens who were sent to concentration camps because they
were suspected of involvement in protests of Nazi activities, or were relatives
and friends of those who participated in protests. Most of them eventually got killed as well. Thus, Germany was not only a Germany of
the Nazis, but also a Germany of anti-Nazis. It was not only a big war country that initiated both world
wars, but also a big anti-war country that had full-scale resistance against
these wars. Alfred Nobel decided
to include a peace prize among those prizes provided in his will because he
agreed with the suggestion from his good friend and German-Austrian pacifist
writer, Bertha von Suttner.
We
can learn from the actions of the anti-Nazis in Germany, that:
First,
a tyranny will abuse human rights against every citizen. It deprives people's rights to life,
freedom and property. Its results
will destroy a country, destroy an entire national culture with its poisonous
atmosphere. Thus, fighting against
the tyranny is the natural right and obligation of all the people. Historians generally agree that there
were three major tyrants in the 20th century world -- they were Adolf Hitler,
Joseph Stalin, and Mao Zedong. In
comparison of these three, the anti-Nazi activities in Germany were the most
intense. In the "Operation
Valkyrie" there were quite a lot of participants with an extensive
network. Documents discovered
later show that even Pope Pius XII participated in this attempt, thus the Nazis
also planned the kidnapping and assassination of the pope.
Second,
all people have a good desire to resolve political disputes through peaceful
means, because this direction will reduce the cost to the whole society. However, in reality, whether that
resolution can be achieved depends on whether the dictator still retains some
rationality. When the dictator has
degenerated into a tyrant -- when the dictator uses absolute violent means to
suppress his opponents and exploit his people, then the people can only resort
to force, using force to against the violence. Immediately after the Nazis took over power, they applied a
policy of repression against dissidents, and then amended the Constitution so
people were unable to overthrow Hitler's regime through legitimate means. Thus, dissidents were left only with
force as an option. Lieutenant
Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg was the person against the Nazi
politics who later took over "Operation Valkyrie". But he was also a devout Catholic. According to Catholic doctrine, it was
not allowed to kill. So initially
he refused to participate in the assassination itself. But in the end he changed his hesitancy
when he saw the Nazi regime so brutally massacring the people of Germany and
abroad. Despite his religious
scruples, he concluded that the assassination of Hitler was a lesser moral evil
than Hitler's remaining in power.
Stauffenberg brought a new tone of decisiveness to the ranks of the
resistance movement. When the
originator of the plot, Major-General Hermann Henning Karl Robert von Tresckow,
was assigned to the Eastern Front, Stauffenberg took charge of planning and
executing the assassination attempt.
Third,
there are times when people are confused due to some ideology. But people do have a conscience. When one's conscience awakens, one
should not hesitate to put aside one's past, to save one's homeland and the
people with one's own life. "Operation Valkyrie" started in the German
military, from common soldiers up to generals and marshals. The organizers persuaded Field Marshal
Erwin Rommel to join in. Rommel
was by far the most popular officer in Germany and was also the first active-duty
field marshal to lend support to the plot. (Witzleben had been inactive since 1942.) Although Rommel felt he had to,
as he put it, "come to the rescue of Germany," he did not agree with
the assassination because he thought killing Hitler would make him a
martyr. Like some others, he
wanted Hitler arrested and hauled before a court-martial for his many
crimes. After the July 20
assassination attempt, Field Marshal Rommel was arrested and committed
suicide. Another German General
and the former chief of the Oberkommando des Heeres general staff, Franz
Halder, was also sent to a concentration camp because of his indirect
involvement with this assassination.
Fourth,
an act of justice requires not only the people to execute it, but also requires
extensive supporters. When people
see a cause for justice, even if they do not personally directly participate,
they may still give moral support and even action of various forms. "Operation Valkyrie" could
only be carried out through the support of General Friedrich Fromm at the
Reserve Army headquarters. So it
was essential to pull him into the opposition camp, at least in some way so
that he remained at least neutral.
Like most of the high level generals, although he knew of the conspiracy
against Hitler by the resistance group, Fromm did not support nor communicate
it to the Gestapo. This silence
was recognition of the action plan and an indirect support. After the incident, Fromm was also
arrested and executed.
Fifth,
heroes are the ones who might not be successful when taking action. Before the action, the participants
were not sure if they could assassinate Hitler or not. In fact, that assassination was not simply
to eliminate a tyrant directly.
The action of assassination itself demonstrated the spirit of courage
and fearlessness. It was an
encouragement to the nationwide resistance movement in Germany. Just like the originator of the plot,
Major-General Hermann Henning Karl Robert von Tresckow said: "The
assassination must be attempted, whatever the cost. Even if it fails, we must take action in Berlin. For the practical purpose no longer
matters; what matters now is that the German resistance movement must take the
plunge before the eyes of the world and of history. Compared to that, nothing else matters."
The
next day after the coup failed, Major-General Tresckow drove to the
German-Russian front no man's land and committed suicide with a grenade. Before the suicide he told his aide:
"Hitler is the archenemy not only of Germany but of the world. When, in few hours' time, I go before
God to account for what I have done and left undone, I know I will be able to
justify what I did in the struggle against Hitler. God promised Abraham that He would not destroy Sodom if only
ten righteous men could be found in the city, and so I hope for our sake God
will not destroy Germany . No one among us can complain about dying, for
whoever joined our ranks put on the shirt of Nessus. A man's moral worth is established only at the point where
he is ready to give his life in defense of his convictions."
The
lessons provided by the Nazi resistance hold true for any time and any tyranny.
--
The Overseas Chinese Democracy Coalition
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中文版
Overseas
Chinese Democracy Coalition News and Article Release Issue Number: A832-O236
中国民主运动海外联席会议新闻与文章发布号：A832-O236
Release
Date: July 20, 2014
发布日：2014年7月20日
Topic:
People Have the Right to Protest Against Tyranny - OCDC Commemoration of the
70th Anniversary of the Assassination Attempt of Adolf Hitler During the Nazi
Period in Germany
标题：人民有抗议暴政的权利 -- 纪念德国纳粹时期刺杀希特勒案70周年
Original
Language Version: Chinese (Chinese version at the end)
此号以中文为准（英文在前，中文在后）
如有中文乱码问题，请与我们联系或访问:
http://www.weijingsheng.org/report/report2014/report2014-07/OCDCcommemoration140720antiNazi70thA832-O236.htm
-----------------------------------------------------------------
人民有抗议暴政的权利
-- 纪念德国纳粹时期刺杀希特勒案70周年
暴力有两面性。暴力的一方面是一种罪恶，但惩恶扬善却是善举。以暴力来结束一场更为灾难性的暴政，来维护自身与他人不受到暴政的人身侵害与经济掠夺，却是每位有良知、肩负起对社会责任的公民应尽的权利与义务。
2014年7月20日，是德国纳粹时期最大的刺杀希特勒案、即“女武神行动”发生70周年。在1944年7月20日的那次谋杀案中，在希特勒住地"狼穴"的会议室中正举行着德国最高军事会议。后备军参谋长克劳斯﹒冯﹒史陶芬堡上校将一枚定时炸弹置于桌下。引爆后，4人炸死，9人重伤，11人轻伤。暗杀主要对象希特勒却只受到轻伤，身上200多处被炸起的碎木刺伤，裤子被烧焦，耳膜被震破。暗杀行动失败后，盖世太保倾巢出动，全德约7000位直接与间接参与者被逮捕，其中4980位被立即杀害。
而在整个纳粹当政的12年中，全德国的抵抗纳粹运动前赴后继，从来没有停止过。从慕尼黑的"白玫瑰"组织，柏林的"红色乐队"，德国中部多城市的"雪绒花海盗团"，直到近20次直接对希特勒的暗杀行动。近7万7千德国公民因为抵抗纳粹而被纳粹的特别法庭、军事法庭或民事法庭处决。还有成几万、几十万德国公民，因为被怀疑参与抗议纳粹的活动，或是参与抗议纳粹活动的亲友和家属，都被送入集中营，大多最后致死。所以，德国不仅曾是一个纳粹的德国，也是一个反纳粹的德国。不仅是一个引发两次世界大战的战争大国，也是全面抗议战争的反战大国。诺贝尔最后决定将他的遗产用于诺贝尔和平奖，也是因为接受了他的好友、德国-奥地利反战女作家贝尔塔﹒冯﹒苏特纳的建议。
从德国的反纳粹行动中可以让人们看到，
一、暴政就是以践踏人权的行径来对付每一位国民，剥夺国民的人生权、自由权和财产权。其结果将会摧毁一个国家，摧毁一个民族，以毒化的气氛来摧毁整个民族文化。所以，反抗暴政是全国人民天然的权利与义务。历史学家公认，20世纪的世界有三大暴君：希特勒，斯大林，毛泽东。三者相比较，德国的反纳粹活动最为激烈。在这次"女武神行动"中，参与者相当多，相当广泛。后来发掘的文件显示，甚至罗马教皇都参与了这次事件，以致纳粹也在计划绑架和暗杀教皇。
二、人们都有一个良好的愿望，希望以和平的手段来解决政治纠纷。因为这将减少全社会为此付出的代价。但在现实中是否能够实现，这要看这位专制者是否尚保留一点人的理性。如果已经堕落成一个暴君，以绝对的暴力手段来镇压他的反对者，压榨他的人民，则人民只能采取暴力手段，以暴抗暴。纳粹当政后立即采取镇压异己的政策，然后修改宪法，人们已经无法通过合法手段推翻希特勒政权。为此，只留下暴力手段。“女武神行动”的直接实施者史陶芬堡上校反对纳粹政治，但他是一位虔诚的天主教徒。按照天主教教义，是不容许杀人的，所以他拒绝参加暗杀行动。但最后他看到纳粹政权这样残暴地屠杀德国内外的人民，从而改变了想法。若不刺杀希特勒，将会是道德层面上更大的罪恶。他带给军中抵抗运动新气氛。当崔斯考上校被分发至东线时，史陶芬堡就负责规划和执行对希特勒的刺杀行动。
三、人总会有被某种意识形态迷惑的时候。但人毕竟是有良知的。当一个人良知醒悟后，就要义无反顾地背叛自己的过去，以自己的生命代价来挽救自己的祖国与人民。“女武神行动”发起于德国军界，从士兵校官，直到将军元帅。组织者说服了陆军元帅埃尔温﹒隆美尔加入行列。隆美尔是第一位支持这一行动的现役元帅（另一参与者维茨莱元帅自1942年起处于退役状态）。隆美尔并不支持暗杀行动，认为这将造就出因为希特勒身亡、德国因而战败的情势，并将希特勒变成一位烈士。隆美尔认为应当逮捕希特勒并诉诸公审。暗杀事件后，隆美尔元帅被捕，并自杀身亡。另一位前陆军参谋长哈尔德也因为间接参与该行动而被送入集中营。
四、一个正义的行动不仅需要直接的施行者，也需要广泛的支持者。或者说，如果人们看到一个正义的事业，即使自己不亲自参加，也可以以种种形式来给予道义上、行动上的支持。女武神行动必须依赖后备军总司令弗里德里希﹒佛洛姆将军才能执行。必须将他拉拢至反抗阵营中，至少以某种方式令其保持中立。而佛洛姆如同大部分高级将领，虽然知道反抗集团私下针对希特勒的密谋，但既不予以支持，也不将其通报给盖世太保。也就是默认这一行动计划，一种间接的支持。事件后，他也被逮捕并处决。
五、不以成败论英雄。在行动前参与者都没有把握，是否真能将希特勒暗杀掉。其实，暗杀不仅是为了直接消除一位暴政者，暗杀行动的本身就向世人表明了一种抗暴的勇气与无畏的精神，就是对全国抵抗运动的一种激励。就如“女武神行动”的发起人、军官海宁﹒冯﹒崔斯考上校所说：“暗杀行动是必须的，不计一切代价。即使会失败，我们也要在柏林有所行动。实际的行动目的不再重要。现在要紧的是，让世人与历史看到德国有人反抗希特勒政权，没有一件事比这更重要的。”崔斯考在政变失败后隔天驾车前往德俄前线无人地带，以手榴弹自杀身亡。自杀前他告诉他的副官：“希特勒不仅是德国、也是全世界的敌人。在仅有几小时的时间里，我相信上帝会告知我，反对希特勒的奋斗是正确的。神曾许诺亚伯拉罕，若他能在罪恶之城索多玛中找出十位正直之人，将不会毁灭城市。因此，我希望上帝同样也不会毁灭德国。我们中没有人为自己的死亡所哀痛，同意加入我们的人都穿上了涅索斯的长袍。当一个人持有道德操守时，就应准备牺牲生命来捍卫自己的信念。”
对纳粹的抵抗所提供的经验教训适用于任何时间和任何暴政。
中国民主运动海外联席会议
2014年7月20日
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