Wei Jingsheng Foundation News and Article
Release Issue: A1021-W666
魏京生基金会新闻与文章发布号：A1021-W666
Release Date: June 24, 2017
发布日：2017年6月24日
Topic: Marxism-Leninism in China -- Wei Jingsheng
标题：马列主义在中国 -- 魏京生
Original Language Version: Chinese (Chinese version at the end)
此号以中文为准（英文在前，中文在后）
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http://www.weijingsheng.org/report/report2017/report2017-06/WeiJS170624onMarxisminChinaA1021-W666.htm which contains identical information.
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Marxism-Leninism in China
-- Wei Jingsheng
It has been ninty-six years since the founding of the Chinese Communist
Party (CCP). Many people look at the present Chinese Communist Party and
find it is getting further and further away from Marxism-Leninism. The
people who defend the present CCP say that it is because it is a socialism with
Chinese characteristics, or call it the primary stage. In short, there
are more and more variants of Marxism-Leninism, and we must trace to the source
to find out.
It is important to note that Marxism-Leninism and communism are not the same
concept. Communism originated in Christianity and as a small faction, a
secularized version of the basic Christian doctrine. It embraced and
propagated many beautiful ideals shared by mankind, although many people think
that these ideals are beautiful but not realistic. But they are still
what the human spirit may pursue and long for. Although they cannot be
achieved, but they can be approached.
Marxism-Leninism was a small faction in the communist movement, although it was
not small later on. It was still one of the factions that did not include
all the other factions. These factions all flaunted common ideals and
relied on good propaganda to attract believers. This behavior is much the
same as other religions.
The difference between the factions lies in the way of realizing the ideals,
which are roughly divided into moderate and radical. The moderates are
still active in the Western political arena. The radicals were once
thriving and produced a camp of nations with 1/3 of the human population, which
opposed to the Western democratic camp. This camp is the so-called
socialist camp, or the group of the communist countries.
Karl Marx himself made it very clear that the theory of communism was not his
invention. His theory had only two basic points: one is to use violent
revolution to overthrow the existing system, which is fundamentally different
from the moderates of the parliamentary road; the other was to implement the
dictatorship of the proletariat after seizing power; i.e. not to carry out a
democratic system of power, not to share power with other classes and people,
but to implement dictatorship.
The excuse for the violent revolution and class dictatorship was that the
people under the old system do not understand the benefits of communism, so a
transition is needed to give people the opportunity to learn and adapt to the
communist life. In this regard, Vladimir Lenin explained the reasoning
most clearly and completely, so it is called Marxism-Leninism.
Lenin was not only a theorist, but also a person of action. He took
advantage of Russia's defeat and social unrest. He led a group of armed
forces to seize the power. He used the support of the majority of the
poor people, practiced the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks by minority, and thus
was able to maintain with force and built a system that he considered as
socialism.
The socialism he established, supposedly in accordance with the communist
principles of "from each according to his ability, to each according to
his need", was in fact an improved version of the Russian serfdom.
Before Lenin, there were also people who tried to establish purely communist
systems, yet it was very difficult to maintain even on a small scale. The
compromised serfdom was accepted by most people in Russia, who had just
departed from the original serfdom system. It was a convenient choice for
a serfdom that does not need to take responsibility when people are not
accustomed to an environment with freedom, which does need them to take their
own responsibility.
However, people and classes which have already begun to taste the benefits of a
market economy do not welcome this kind of mandatory retrogression, and will
inevitably produce violent resistance. The so-called civil war in the
early days of the Soviet Union was the rebellion of the rich and the
bourgeoisie of the overthrown aristocratic class united against the forceful
implementation of the improved serfdom. The Soviets took over the whole
country through a forceful expansion of war. This was learned from the
pattern of early Christianity and Islam missionary expansion through force.
The improved version of the serfdom was more difficult to implement in
China. For more than 2,000 years, Chinese society had long been
accustomed to an environment of relatively free market economy, so it
encountered even greater resistance and a reduction of production against a
system that was forcefully implemented and not free. Soon this system
caused the starvation of tens of millions of people. Although the number
of people who starved to death is still controversial, it is an indisputable
fact that the total deaths would be equal to the population of a large European
country, regardless if it should be counted as the population size of Germany,
or France, or Britain. Yet the historians of the Chinese Communist Party
have been calling it "the three years of difficult times", or even
"three years of natural disasters".
Are these results related to Marxism-Leninism? How could such a beautiful
ideal be related to such an ugly reality? People are not politicians, and
it is difficult for them to imagine the mysterious call of the great publicity
brought such a tragic result. But reality is reality. We must find
the causes out of the reality.
Just like the Bolsheviks of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party in China also
established a regime through violence and pursuit of an improved version of the
serfdom. In any case, serfdom is serfdom -- its productivity is far below
the market economy.
In the Soviet Union which departed from the old Russian serfdom not very long
ago, the low efficiency was already very obvious. In the Chinese society,
which had long been divorced from serfdom for more than two thousand years,
this inefficiency was an unacceptable poverty in the society. Within the
Chinese Communist leadership, it produced a powerful faction for a market
economy for efficiency that almost overthrew the basic principles of socialism
of the CCP and the representative of these principles, Mao Zedong.
But the chain of history is made up of many accidental incidents. Mao
Zedong, a genius like Adolf Hitler, used the sacred prestige collectively
created by the Communist Party to create a super size mass movement to
overthrow these leaders "that were on the capitalist road", i.e. the
bureaucratic class with autocratic power. Mao was able to continue his
ideals, and pursued an improved serfdom that was even purer than what was in
the Soviet Union.
The Chinese who were used to a market economy and a free environment still
constantly resist in various sizes and forms. Even Mao Zedong himself
gradually doubted his ideals and ultimately gave up his efforts. In his
late years, he tolerated a small-scale restoration of capitalism. After
his death, there was a large-scale capitalism restoration led by the
bureaucratic class.
The reason this unpopular economic system was produced and maintained was due
to the "dictatorship of the proletariat" principle invented by Karl
Marx. This dictatorship guarantees a political party composed by a small
number of people can design an economic system in accordance with their own
imagination unbridled, yet shamelessly claim it as "the top design",
by "the chief designer".
To summarize: any ugly system is the result of dictatorship; dictatorship is
the source of all evils.
To hear Mr. Wei Jingsheng's related commentary, please visit:
http://www.weijingsheng.org/RFA/RFA2017/WeiJS170622onMarxisminChina.mp3
(Written on June 21 and recorded June 22, 2017. Broadcasted by Radio Free
Asia.)
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中文版
Wei Jingsheng Foundation News and Article Release Issue: A1021-W666
魏京生基金会新闻与文章发布号：A1021-W666
Release Date: June 24, 2017
发布日：2017年6月24日
Topic: Marxism-Leninism in China -- Wei Jingsheng
标题：马列主义在中国 -- 魏京生
Original Language Version: Chinese (Chinese version at the end)
此号以中文为准（英文在前，中文在后）
如有中文乱码问题，请与我们联系或访问：
http://www.weijingsheng.org/report/report2017/report2017-06/WeiJS170624onMarxisminChinaA1021-W666.htm
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马列主义在中国
-- 魏京生
中国共产党成立至今已经九十六年了。很多人对照一下现在的中国共产党，发现它和马列主义的距离越来越远。为现在的共产党辩护的人说，这是有中国特色的社会主义；或者说这叫初级阶段。总之，马列主义的变种越来越多，我们必须追根溯源，才能搞清楚。
首先要说明：马列主义和共产主义不是同一个概念。起源于基督教一个小派别的共产主义，是基督教基本教义派的世俗化。它信奉和宣传人类共有的许多美好理想，尽管很多人认为这些理想很美好但不太现实。但它仍然是人类所追求和向往的，虽然不能达到，但是可以接近。
马列主义是共产主义运动中的一个小派别，虽然后来不小，可是仍然是其中之一，不包括所有的派别。这些派别都标榜共同的理想，依靠美好的宣传来吸引信众。这和其它宗教的方法大同小异。
它们之间的区别，就在于实现理想的手段。大致分为温和派和激进派，温和派现在仍活跃在西方政治舞台上。激进派曾经非常兴旺，产生了占人类三分之一的国家集团，和西方民主阵营相对抗。这就是所谓社会主义阵营，或者叫共产主义国家集团。
马克思自己说得很清楚：那些共产主义的理论并不是他的发明。他的理论只有两个基本观点：一个就是用暴力革命推翻现存的制度，在这点上和温和派的议会道路根本不同；第二点就是夺权之后实行无产阶级专政，不实行全民掌权的民主制度，不和其它阶级和人群分享权力，而是实行专政。
暴力革命和阶级专政的理由，是旧制度下人民并不理解共产主义的好处，所以需要一个过渡阶段，让人民有机会学习和适应共产主义的生活。在这点上列宁解释得最清晰完整，所以称为马克思列宁主义。
列宁不但是个理论家，而且是个行动者。他利用俄罗斯战败社会动荡的机会，率领一批武装力量夺取了政权；并且利用多数贫困阶级的拥护，实行了布尔什维克少数人的专政，用暴力维持和建设了他认为的社会主义制度。
他按照各尽所能，按需分配的打折扣的共产主义原则建立的社会主义，实际上就是俄罗斯农奴制的改进版。这之前也有人尝试建立纯粹的共产主义制度，在小范围里也很难维持。折中之后的农奴制，在刚刚脱离农奴制的俄罗斯被大多数人接受了。在人们还不习惯自由承担自己责任的环境时，不用承担责任的农奴制也是个方便的选择。
但是已经开始尝到了市场经济好处的人们或者阶级，并不欢迎这种强制性的倒退，必然产生剧烈的反抗。苏联成立初期的所谓国内战争，就是被推翻的贵族联合不满的富农和资产阶级，对强制推行改进版的农奴制进行的反抗。而苏维埃在全国的普及，就是通过战争进行的武力传教。这是学习了早期基督教和伊斯兰教武力传教的模式。
改进版的农奴制在中国推行的难度更大。中国社会两千多年来早已习惯了比较自由的市场经济环境，强制推行的不自由的制度遭遇到的反抗和怠工更加剧烈。很快就造成了饿死几千万人的大饥荒，饿死的人数虽然有争议，但相当于一个欧洲大国的人口，是不争的事实。所争的不过是相当于德国，还是法国、英国。而中国共产党的历史家们则称之为三年困难时期，甚至三年自然灾害。
这些结果和马列主义有关吗？那么美好的理想，怎么会和这么丑恶的现实有关呢？老百姓不是政治家，很难想象玄而呼之的美好宣传会带来如此悲惨的结果。但现实就是现实。我们必须从现实中寻找原因。
苏联的布尔什维克和中国的共产党一样，都是靠暴力夺取政权后靠暴力推行改进版的农奴制。无论如何改进，农奴制就是农奴制，它的生产效率远远低于市场经济。
在脱离旧俄国农奴制不久的苏联，效率的低下已经很明显了。在早已经脱离农奴制两千多年的中国社会，这个效率低下就是社会难以接受的贫困。在中共党内产生了为了效率回归市场经济的强大派别，几乎推翻了党的社会主义基本原则和这个原则的代表人物毛泽东。
但是历史的链条是由许多个偶然构成的。像希特勒一样天才的恶魔毛泽东，利用被共产党集体塑造的神圣威望，用一场超大规模的群众运动，推翻了走资本主义道路的当权派，也就是当时掌握专制权力的官僚阶级。他得以继续他的理想，推行比苏联还纯粹的改进版农奴制。
习惯市场经济和自由环境的中国人仍然不断地以各种规模和形式反抗，毛泽东本人也逐渐对他的理想产生怀疑，最终放弃了努力。在他的晚期容忍了小规模的资本主义复辟。在他死后出现了由官僚阶级主导的大规模的资本主义复辟。
之所以会造成和维持这种不合人心的经济制度，是因为那个马克思发明的无产阶级专政。这个专政保障了少数人组成的政党，可以肆无忌惮地按照自己的想象设计经济体制，还恬不知耻地说什么顶层设计，什么总设计师。
归根结底就是一句话：任何丑恶的制度，都是专政的结果，专政是万恶之源。
相关录音：
http://www.weijingsheng.org/RFA/RFA2017/WeiJS170622onMarxisminChina.mp3
（撰写于2017年6月21日，录音于2017年6月22日。自由亚洲电台播出。）
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