Wei Jingsheng Foundation News and Article Release Issue: A1027-W668

魏京生基金会新闻与文章发布号：A1027-W668

Release Date: July 22, 2017

发布日：2017年7月22日

Topic: Marxism-Leninism in China (part 2) -- Wei Jingsheng

标题：马列主义在中国（之二） -- 魏京生

Original Language Version: Chinese (Chinese version at the end)

此号以中文为准（英文在前，中文在后）

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Marxism-Leninism in China (part 2)

-- Wei Jingsheng

The theory of Marxist-Leninist is fundamentally wrong. That is because this theory ignores the reality of humans being animals, and assumes that humans are perfect and sacred, or with the potential nature of being sacred. To design a theory from this wrong premise, regardless how perfectly it was designed, could only be a perfect mistake.

We may consider that human beings are high-level animals, which come from a state of low-level animals and tend to be advanced and noble, but human beings are still animals. Humans still retain many of the characteristics of wild animals. Instead of being like the gods in the imagination and ideal, they need to eat and consume in a human society.

For example, animals are selfish; at least these slightly higher leveled animals are selfish, which is an essential nature for an individual to survive. Selfishness may be called in a more complex way an instinct quality. More advanced animals appear to have some altruistic psychological ability, and some even manifest another instinct, the instinct required for cooperation.

These two instincts complement each other; the better developed the ability to cooperate, then the better the survivability of the groups and individuals. Human society has the best of these two kinds of ability combined, thus has the strongest ability to survive in nature. Even hundreds of thousands of years ago in the ape era, it was more outstanding than the other animal populations.

In that era, humans beings lagged behind a lot of animals when considering the sharpness of the teeth and claws. Human beings were only moderate when considering the speed of running. Human beings were only moderate when considering strength or power. Humans could not go high into the sky or dig beneath the ground, nor swim in the river and ocean. Its comprehensive ability can only be classified in the middle of the animal family, or even below the middle. What made this humble little man of medium quality to come out and rapidly rise?

The ability to improve and manufacture tools was an ability developed later by human beings. The real abilities to make this humble medium-rated race to rise were the ability to cooperate with each other, the internal organizational skills, and the ability to take risks and to sacrifice. These are indispensable abilities of group organizing, often not out of instinct, but by acquired quality after birth which is called morality by the modern people.

Take an example of bears. The bears are big and strong. But they cannot cooperate, even between mates. So its strong advantage got discounted. In the fierce competition for survival, they fell behind in the competition and become animals that can only rely on miscellaneous food to barely fill their bellies. Fortunately they can climb the trees; otherwise they cannot even ensure their own safety.

The body size and strength of the wolves are much smaller. But they could cooperate well, thus their survivability is much better than the bears. They could guarantee to survive with meat, without having to degenerate into omnivorous animals. Because of their ability to cooperate with each other, they can prey on much larger animals than themselves, and also can resist a much larger opponent than themselves, even can threaten the survival of the bears and tigers. This is the power of cooperation.

Scientists in modern animal behavior have found that the cooperation of social animals requires a certain moral system support. The most common is the organization system which has its core as the hierarchical system. The characteristics of this form are it significantly reduced the occurrence of internal battles and improved the ability to cooperate for hunting and self-defense. The disadvantage is that the numbers of the group are small; otherwise it is difficult to maintain an effective hierarchy. When groups reached a certain extent they will inevitably split.

Before entering the era of civilization, like the lion and wolf groups, human beings maintained an extremely authoritarian hierarchy. Although larger groups could be maintained due to the improvement of tools, group sizes were still limited and a tribe would inevitably split when it was too big. To split according to rules would be the best choice for that era, as well as an important reason for survival in the competition.

The core of this rule is to gradually reduce the extreme tyranny of monkeys and baboons, and gradually increase the freedom of the individual in we call human rights; to resolve internal disputes in a peaceful manner, and to reduce the jungle rule of forceful suppression. The size of the groups that could be maintained becomes bigger and bigger, eventually forming countries.

In this long process of evolution, the rules that were called moral and legal by modern people gradually matured, complementing each other to replace the jungle rule. This maturity reduced the internal competition, enhanced the internal harmony, and significantly enhanced the force against outside threats, eliminating the so-called backward groups through selection faster and faster.

This process of evolution was not always smooth sailing. From time to time, this or that extreme would appear. One extreme is the Legalism of the Chinese philosophy, or dictatorship in the Western society, which regresses to the law of the jungle. Another extreme is to deny the animal nature of human beings and the extreme beautification of the kindness part of the human nature, which is the Confucianism of the East, or the religious sentiment in the West.

The Great Unity of the World could only be an idea in China. In reality, after hundreds of years of elimination through selection and combination, it evolved into a hybrid theory in the Han Dynasty - or so-called Way for a Monarch to Rule, which combined both Legalism and Confucianism. Although this system was behind the modern democratic system and it suppressed the enthusiasm of a society to move forward, it had a large degree of respect for human rights, and also allowed a lot of freedom to individuals, with relatively minor violent repression. So it was maintained for more than two thousand years in China, and became the target people longed for in these eras and the preferred place to immigrate to, just like the United States and Western Europe are now.

In the process of evolution of the system in the West, during a window period before the democratic system perfected itself, another kind of hybrid theory appeared. This was the Communism based on religious sentiment. A pure communism is difficult to achieve; thus there a new variant appeared as a hybrid - using the dictatorship of jungle rule to force cooperation in an effort to realize this Communism of the religious sentiment.

There are fundamental differences between the jungle rule and the Legalism of the Orient. The Legalism was more mature, and emphasized the rationality of everyone being equal before the law. The dictatorship of the jungle rule is to turn humans back into the monkeys and baboons, to use the fist to speak and smash the rationality. Thus even when the dictatorship is matched with modern tools of suppression, it can only maintain temporary and smaller societies. This is not a social system that can be maintained for a long time.

Therefore, this Marxist-Leninist system of retrogression was only born due to accidental causes, and inevitably will not be maintained for a long time. If it will not collapse like the Soviet Union, it must take the capitalism road like China. Nevertheless, it is a historical certainty for the market economy to be the human invention of most effective cooperation with internal adjustments in large-scale.

To hear Mr. Wei Jingsheng's related commentary, please visit:

http://www.weijingsheng.org/RFA/RFA2017/WeiJS170629onMarxisminChina2.mp3

(Written and recorded June 29, 2017. Broadcasted by Radio Free Asia.)

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中文版

Wei Jingsheng Foundation News and Article Release Issue: A1027-W668

魏京生基金会新闻与文章发布号：A1027-W668

Release Date: July 22, 2017

发布日：2017年7月22日

Topic: Marxism-Leninism in China (part 2) -- Wei Jingsheng

标题：马列主义在中国（之二） -- 魏京生

Original Language Version: Chinese (Chinese version at the end)

此号以中文为准（英文在前，中文在后）

如有中文乱码问题，请与我们联系或访问：

http://www.weijingsheng.org/report/report2017/report2017-07/WeiJS170722onMarxisminChina2A1027-W668.htm

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马列主义在中国（之二）

-- 魏京生

马列主义的理论，从根本上就是错误的。因为这个理论无视了人也是动物的现实，把人设想为完美的神圣，或者是有神圣的潜在本质。从这个错误的前提出发所设计的理论再完美，也只不过是个完美的错误。

可以认为人是高级动物，是脱离了低级动物的状态而趋向于高级的，高尚的动物，但人还仍然是动物。人的身上仍然保留了野生动物的许多特征，不是想象中或者理想中的，不食人间烟火的神仙。

例如动物都是自私的，至少略微高级的动物都是自私的，这是个体能够生存所必备的本质，复杂点说叫做本能素质。高级一点的动物开始出现了利他的心理能力，有些甚至表现为另一种本能，合作所需要的本能。

这两种本能相辅相成，合作的能力发展得越好则群体和个体的生存能力越强，在生存竞争中越能够生存下来。人类社会就是这两种能力配合程度最好的种群，所以拥有在自然界里最强的生存能力。这在几十万年前的猿人时代，就已经突出于其它动物种群。

在那个时代，论牙尖爪利，人类落后于很多动物；论奔跑速度，人类仅仅是中等；论力大无穷，人类也只是中等。人既不会上天入地，也不会遨游于江海。综合素质也只能列为动物大家庭里的中等生，甚至中下等。是什么能力使得这个不起眼的小个子中等生脱颖而出，迅速崛起呢？

改进和制造工具的能力还是后起的能力。真正使这个不起眼的中等生崛起的，就是相互配合的能力，也就是内部组织能力，包括承担风险敢于牺牲的能力。这是群体组织不可缺少的能力，经常不是出于本能，而是被现代人称之为道德的一种后天培养的素质。

例如狗熊身大力强，但是不能合作，夫妻间都不能合作。于是它身大力强的优势就大打折扣，在激烈的生存竞争中落成个只能靠杂食勉强填饱肚子的劣等生水平。幸亏它会爬树，否则生存都成问题。

而狼的体型力量都小得多，但他们可以很好地配合，所以生存能力比熊强得多。他们能够保证依靠肉食生存，而不必退化成杂食动物。由于得力于互相配合，它们可以捕食比自己的大得多的动物，也可以抵抗比自己大得多的对手，甚至可以威胁到熊和虎的生存。这就是合作和配合的力量。

现代动物行为学的科学家们发现，群居动物的互相配合需要一定的道德体系支持。最常见的是以等级制为核心的组织形式。这种形式的特征是大大减少了内部争斗的密度，提高了合作捕猎和自卫的能力。缺点是群体的数量不大，否则很难维持有效的等级制度。达到一定的程度就必然分裂。

人类在进入文明时代以前，和狮子狼群一样维持着极端专制的等级制。虽然由于工具的改进可以维持更大的群组，但也仍然有限，大于部落的规模就必然分裂。按规矩分裂是那个时代最好的选择，也是在竞争中生存下来的重要原因。

这个规矩的核心，就是逐渐减少猴子与狒狒式的极端专制，逐渐增加个体的自由或者叫做人权；以和平协商的方式解决内部纠纷，减少武力压制的丛林法则。群体可以维持的规模变得越来越大，最终形成了国家。

在这个漫长的演变过程中，被现代人称之为道德和法律的规矩逐渐成熟，相辅相成取代了丛林法则。减少了内部的竞争，增强了内部的和谐，对外的力量明显增强，以越来越快的速度淘汰了所谓落后的群体。

在这个演变的过程中并不是一帆风顺，时不时出现这个或那个极端。一个极端是恢复到丛林时代，这就是中国的法家思想，或者是西方的专政理论。另一个极端就是否认人类的动物性，极端美化人性的善良。这就是东方的儒家思想，或者是西方的宗教情怀。

中国的世界大同只能是个思想，在现实中经过几百年的淘汰组合，变成汉代的杂种理论，儒法兼备的所谓王道。这种制度虽然落后于现代的民主制度，压制了社会向上的积极性和热情。但它很大限度尊重人权，也给个人很大的自由，暴力镇压的成分比较小。所以它维持了两千多年，并且成为当时各国人民向往的目标，移民的首选之地，就像现在的美国和西欧。

而西方在制度进化的过程中，在民主制度尚未完善的空窗期，出现了另一种杂种理论。这就是宗教情怀为基础的共产主义，纯粹的共产主义难以实现，于是就出现了新的杂交变种--用丛林法则的专政来配合实现宗教情怀的共产主义。

丛林法则和东方的法家思想有根本的区别。法家比较成熟，它要的是法律面前人人平等的讲道理。丛林法则的专政就是倒退回猴子和狒狒的不讲理只讲拳头，所以专政即使配合现代化的镇压工具，也只能维持暂时的和较小的社会。这不是可以长期稳定维持的社会体制。

所以马克思列宁主义这种倒行逆施的体制，只能依靠偶然的原因产生，也必然不会维持很长时间。如果不能像苏联那样垮台，就必然像中国那样走资本主义道路。而市场经济则是人类发明的最有效互相配合的大规模内部调节方式，是历史的必然。